If you are wondering why your ancestors’ Polish birth certificates are not sufficient to prove Polish citizenship, it may be because you live in a country that follows the principle of “jus soli” (right of the soil). This is actually one of the most common questions when reviewing documents for citizenship purposes.
The principles of “jus sanguinis” (right of blood) and “jus soli” determine how citizenship is passed in different countries:
- Jus sanguinis (right of blood): Citizenship is transmitted from parents to children, regardless of the place of birth.
- Jus soli (right of the soil): Citizenship is automatically granted based on the place of birth.
Many countries around the world apply the jus soli principle. In contrast, in Europe—including Poland—the guiding principle is jus sanguinis.
A birth certificate only confirms the place and date of birth, the child’s name, and the identity of the parents—but does not indicate citizenship.
For example, if a child is born in Poland while their parents are temporarily residing there, the child will receive a Polish birth certificate, but this does not automatically mean they are a Polish citizen.
Thanks to the principle of jus sanguinis, you may be eligible for Polish citizenship even if you have never visited Poland. If your ancestors were Polish citizens at the time of emigration, citizenship may have been passed down through the generations. Of course, this must be proven with the appropriate documentation and meet specific legal requirements.
It is also important to note that in Poland, a person is considered a full citizen at the age of eighteen. Therefore, if, for example, your great-great-grandfather emigrated from Poland with his father while still a minor, the key ancestor in the citizenship confirmation process would be your great-great-grandfather. This is not only an advantage for you but also for your children, grandchildren, and future generations.
